Key Votes

Chamber

Keyword Search

Search string must be longer than 3 characters.

Vote Smart provides easy access to congressional and state voting records and maintains a collection of key votes grouped by issue. Vote Smart uses the following criteria to select key votes:

  1. The vote should be helpful in portraying how a member stands on a particular issue
  2. The vote should be clear for any person to understand
  3. The vote has received media attention
  4. The vote was passed or defeated by a very close margin
  5. Occasionally, if a specific bill is consistently inquired about on the Voter's Research Hotline, the vote will be added

Vote Smart provides a summary of the version of the bill text associated with each selected key vote. Our summaries are written by Vote Smart's staff and interns, who adhere to our strict policies and procedures in order to guarantee absolute impartiality and accuracy. They do not necessarily reflect the content of the final version of the bill, but rather the version voted on in that stage. While many procedural votes take place before a full chamber vote, our voting stages reflect the final reading of each chamber vote. Each key vote selection is reviewed by the project's community of advisors, who are political scientists and journalists from all fifty states.

For more information about the legislative process, see here.


results per page:
Date State Bill No. Title Outcome
May 6, 2014 MO SB 509 Reduces State Income Tax Rates Veto Override Passed - House (109 - 46)
May 6, 2014 CT SB 455 Amends the Funding for the Public Campaign Finance Program Bill Passed - House (102 - 40)
April 25, 2014 CO SB 29 Requires Paint Manufacturers to Establish Recycling Programs Bill Passed - House (38 - 26)
April 23, 2014 NH SB 367 Amends Gas Tax Bill Passed - House (193 - 141)
April 23, 2014 OK SB 1246 Amends State Income Tax Rates Bill Passed - House (54 - 40)
April 21, 2014 AK HB 287 Authorizes Tax Credits for In-State Oil Refineries Concurrence Vote Passed - House (32 - 7)
April 16, 2014 MO SB 509 Reduces State Income Tax Rates Bill Passed - House (104 - 48)
April 14, 2014 CO HB 1269 Requires Certain Retailers to Collect Sales Tax Bill Passed - House (36 - 26)
April 9, 2014 MO HJR 68 Increases Sales Tax Joint Resolution Passed - House (96 - 53)
April 8, 2014 IL SB 1922 Amends the City of Chicago Employee Pensions Bill Passed - House (73 - 41)
April 5, 2014 MD SB 172 Authorizes Eminent Domain Against Certain Film Production Entitites Conference Report Adopted - House (97 - 38)
April 5, 2014 KS SB 218 Establishes School Financing and Administrative Measures Conference Report Rejected - House (55 - 67)
April 3, 2014 DE HB 265 Increases Certain Business Taxes Bill Passed - House (26 - 13)
March 27, 2014 MD SB 172 Authorizes Eminent Domain Against Certain Film Production Entities Bill Passed - House (96 - 42)
March 21, 2014 MN HF 1777 Amends Tax Laws Concurrence Vote Passed - House (126 - 2)
March 21, 2014 KY HB 544 Amends Hotel Tax Laws Bill Passed - House (52 - 40)
March 18, 2014 GA SR 415 Prohibits Increase in State Income Tax Resolution Passed - House (119 - 54)
March 18, 2014 WI SB 1 Reduces State Income Taxes Bill Passed - House (61 - 35)
March 13, 2014 IN SB 1 Amends State Business Tax Rates Conference Report Adopted - House (63 - 37)
March 12, 2014 KY HB 445 Increases the Wholesale Price of Gasoline Bill Passed - House (53 - 44)
March 6, 2014 OK HB 2508 Reduces Individual and Corporate Income Tax Rates Bill Passed - House (57 - 34)
March 5, 2014 NH HB 1509 Requires Non-Profit Organizations to Pay Business Enterprise Tax "Inexpedient to Legislate" Vote Passed - House (173 - 163)
March 4, 2014 OK HB 2580 Extends Film Industry Tax Credit Program Bill Passed - House (65 - 28)
March 3, 2014 SD SB 98 Authorizes Certain Municipalities to Increase Occupancy Tax Bill Passed - House (39 - 31)
March 3, 2014 OK HB 2580 Extends Film Industry Tax Credit Program Bill Failed - House (48 - 43)
Feb. 26, 2014 National HR 3865 Stop Targeting of Political Beliefs by the IRS Act of 2014 Bill Passed - House (243 - 176)
Feb. 26, 2014 KS HB 2456 Amends Property Tax Laws for Certain Equipment Bill Passed - House (100 - 23)
Feb. 20, 2014 MO HB 1253 Reduces Tax Rates for Businesses Bill Passed - House (106 - 49)
Feb. 20, 2014 MO HB 1295 Reduces Income Tax Rates Bill Passed - House (106 - 47)
Feb. 19, 2014 SD HB 1097 Amends Criteria for Classifying Property as Agricultural Land Bill Passed - House (37 - 33)
Feb. 4, 2014 IL SB 1227 Extends the Date for the Governor to Submit the State Budget Bill Passed - House (62 - 48)
Jan. 30, 2014 IN HB 1001 Authorizes Property Tax Exemptions Bill Passed - House (63 - 33)
Jan. 22, 2014 AL HB 48 Authorizes a Tax Credit for the Adoption of Qualified Children Bill Passed - House (72 - 23)
Dec. 12, 2013 National H J Res 59 Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 Concurrence Vote Passed - House (332 - 94)
Sept. 29, 2013 National H J Res 59 Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 Concurrence Vote Passed - House (248 - 174)
Sept. 11, 2013 MO HB 253 Authorizes Income Tax Cuts Veto Override Failed - House (94 - 67)
Aug. 2, 2013 National H Amdt 448 Requires Congressional Approval Prior to Establishing a Tax on Carbon Emissions Amendment Adopted - House (237 - 176)
June 13, 2013 WA HB 2075 Repeals Marital Trust Estate Tax Exemption Bill Passed - House (53 - 33)
June 10, 2013 AZ HB 2399 Authorizes School Boards to Increase Property Taxes to Pay for Bonds Bill Passed - House (31 - 26)
May 30, 2013 KS SB 84 Reduces State Income Tax Rates Conference Report Rejected - House (18 - 94)
May 30, 2013 WA HB 2064 Amends Estate Tax Laws Bill Passed - House (51 - 40)
May 29, 2013 OH SB 67 Prohibits JobsOhio Liquor Leases from Being Publicly Audited Bill Passed - House (62 - 35)
May 19, 2013 MN HF 677 Amends State Taxes Conference Report Adopted - House (69 - 65)
May 14, 2013 MO SJR 16 Establishes an Additional Sales Tax for Local Transportation Projects Bill Passed - House (100 - 57)
May 9, 2013 MO HB 253 Authorizes Income Tax Cuts Concurrence Vote Passed - House (103 - 51)
May 8, 2013 CO HB 1318 Establishes Sales Taxes for Retail Marijuana Concurrence Vote Passed - House (37 - 28)
May 8, 2013 NC HB 101 Repeals the Estate Tax Bill Passed - House (82 - 37)
May 8, 2013 TX HB 500 Expands Franchise Tax Exemption for Certain Businesses Bill Passed - House (117 - 24)
May 7, 2013 CT HB 5277 Authorizes Mixed Martial Arts Events Bill Passed - House (117 - 26)
May 6, 2013 OK HB 2005 Extends Tax Credits for Qualified Clean-Burning Motor Vehicle Property Concurrence Vote Passed - House (63 - 29)
May 6, 2013 PA HB 440 Amends Tax Code Bill Passed - House (129 - 65)
May 1, 2013 ND HB 1234 Reduces Oil Extraction Tax Conference Report Rejected - House (21 - 71)
May 1, 2013 FL HB 7007 Exempts Manufacturing Equipment from Sales Tax Concurrence Vote Passed - House (68 - 48)
May 1, 2013 OK HB 2032 Reduces Certain Income Tax Rates Concurrence Vote Passed - House (59 - 35)
April 27, 2013 IN HB 1001 2013-2015 Biennium Budget Conference Report Adopted - House (70 - 30)
April 24, 2013 MT SB 81 Establishes Tax Deductions for Donations to Educational Charities Bill Passed - House (54 - 45)
April 23, 2013 NV AB 496 Increases the Sales Tax in Clark County Bill Passed - House (32 - 9)
April 23, 2013 ME LD 405 Increases the Maximum Vehicle Registration Fee Bill Passed - House (89 - 57)
April 17, 2013 IA SF 295 Establishes a Business Property Tax Credit Fund Bill Passed - House (54 - 45)
April 17, 2013 MT SB 175 Increases Public Education Funding Bill Passed - House (58 - 41)
April 17, 2013 OK SB 330 Increases Rebate Funds for the Film Industry Bill Passed - House (55 - 30)
April 16, 2013 NV AB 60 Requires Certain Information From Donation-Seeking Charities Bill Passed - House (25 - 15)
April 15, 2013 National HR 249 Federal Employee Tax Accountability Act of 2013 Bill Failed - House (250 - 159)
April 13, 2013 AK SB 21 Amends the Oil Industry Tax Rate Structure Bill Passed - House (27 - 12)
April 13, 2013 AK SB 21 Amends the Oil Industry Tax Rate Structure Bill Passed - House (24 - 15)
April 8, 2013 MA H 3382 Expands Retail Tax to Include Computer System Design Services Bill Passed - House (97 - 55)
April 8, 2013 AR HB 1870 Appropriates Funds for Certain Steel Mills Bill Passed - House (78 - 17)
April 5, 2013 KS HB 2253 Amends Abortion Clinic Tax Credits and Procedure Requirements Conference Report Adopted - House (90 - 30)
April 4, 2013 OR HB 2870 Authorizes Counties to Tax Cigarette Sales Bill Passed - House (31 - 29)
April 3, 2013 NH HB 2 2013-2015 Biennium Budget Bill Passed - House (193 - 166)
April 2, 2013 MD SB 183 Authorizes Tax Credits for Certain Film Production Activities Bill Passed - House (108 - 31)
March 27, 2013 NH HB 617 Increases Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Tax Bill Passed - House (206 - 158)
March 22, 2013 MD HB 1515 Increases the Gas Tax Bill Passed - House (76 - 63)
March 21, 2013 OH HB 51 Establishes Transportation Appropriations and Highway Speed Limit Conference Report Adopted - House (63 - 28)
March 21, 2013 KS SB 84 Reduces State Income Tax Rates Bill Passed - House (82 - 39)
March 21, 2013 National H Con Res 25 Establishing the Budget for the United States Government for Fiscal Year 2014 and Setting Forth Appropriate Budgetary Levels for Fiscal Years 2015 Through 2023 Joint Resolution Passed - House (221 - 207)
March 16, 2013 NM HB 641 Reduces Corporate Income Tax Rates Bill Passed - House (35 - 28)
March 13, 2013 UT HB 96 Extends Tax Credits for Certain Vehicles Concurrence Vote Passed - House (59 - 12)
March 13, 2013 IA HF 478 Authorizes an Alternative Flat Income Tax Bill Passed - House (53 - 47)
March 12, 2013 OK HB 2032 Reduces Certain Income Tax Rates Bill Passed - House (65 - 30)
March 5, 2013 ID HB 206 Appropriates Funding for Charter Schools Bill Passed - House (42 - 27)
Feb. 25, 2013 MS HB 844 Exempts Certain Sales Taxes for Agricultural Businesses Bill Passed - House (75 - 43)
Feb. 22, 2013 VA HB 2313 Repeals the Retail Gas Tax and Establishes a Wholesale Gas Tax Conference Report Adopted - House (60 - 40)
Feb. 14, 2013 NJ S 2535 Increases Earned Income Tax Credits Bill Passed - House (48 - 24)
Feb. 14, 2013 ID H 88 Expands Tax Credit for New Employees Bill Passed - House (62 - 7)
Feb. 12, 2013 ID H 62 Expands Sales Tax Exemptions For Health-Related Entities Bill Passed - House (58 - 12)
Feb. 11, 2013 ND HB 1182 Repeals State Income Tax for the 2013 and 2014 Tax Years Bill Failed - House (23 - 63)
Feb. 4, 2013 UT HB 274 Establishes a Tax Credit for Employing a Homeless Individual Bill Passed - House (41 - 33)
Jan. 1, 2013 National HR 8 Job Protection and Recession Prevention Act of 2012 Concurrence Vote Passed - House (257 - 167)
Dec. 17, 2012 NJ S 581 Establishes Tax Credits for Investors in Small Business Technology Bill Passed - House (47 - 30)
Oct. 17, 2012 PA HB 2626 Authorizes Employers to Keep Income Taxes Paid by their Employees Concurrence Vote Passed - House (111 - 80)
Aug. 13, 2012 CA AB 1500 Corporate Tax Rates and Middle Class Scholarship Fund Bill Passed - House (54 - 25)
Aug. 2, 2012 National HR 6169 Pathway to Job Creation through a Simpler, Fairer Tax Code Act of 2012 Bill Passed - House (232 - 189)
Aug. 1, 2012 National HR 8 Job Protection and Recession Prevention Act of 2012 Bill Passed - House (256 - 171)
July 31, 2012 National HR 828 Federal Employee Tax Accountability Act of 2012 Bill Passed - House (263 - 114)
June 30, 2012 PA HB 761 Exempts Certain Transfers from the Realty Transfer Tax Concurrence Vote Passed - House (140 - 56)
June 25, 2012 NJ A 3201 Increases the Income Tax Rate on Incomes Over $1 million Bill Passed - House (47 - 31)
June 8, 2012 RI H 7323 2012-2013 Budget Bill Passed - House (57 - 15)
June 7, 2012 National HR 436 Repeals Excise Tax on Medical Devices Bill Passed - House (270 - 146)
June 6, 2012 NH CACR 6 Requires a Supermajority for Budget Increases Conference Report Rejected - House (220 - 132)
Date No. Title Outcome
5/06 SB 509 Reduces State Income Tax Rates Veto Override Passed - House (109 - 46)
5/06 SB 455 Amends the Funding for the Public Campaign Finance Program Bill Passed - House (102 - 40)
4/25 SB 29 Requires Paint Manufacturers to Establish Recycling Programs Bill Passed - House (38 - 26)
4/23 SB 367 Amends Gas Tax Bill Passed - House (193 - 141)
4/23 SB 1246 Amends State Income Tax Rates Bill Passed - House (54 - 40)
4/21 HB 287 Authorizes Tax Credits for In-State Oil Refineries Concurrence Vote Passed - House (32 - 7)
4/16 SB 509 Reduces State Income Tax Rates Bill Passed - House (104 - 48)
4/14 HB 1269 Requires Certain Retailers to Collect Sales Tax Bill Passed - House (36 - 26)
4/09 HJR 68 Increases Sales Tax Joint Resolution Passed - House (96 - 53)
4/08 SB 1922 Amends the City of Chicago Employee Pensions Bill Passed - House (73 - 41)
4/05 SB 172 Authorizes Eminent Domain Against Certain Film Production Entitites Conference Report Adopted - House (97 - 38)
4/05 SB 218 Establishes School Financing and Administrative Measures Conference Report Rejected - House (55 - 67)
4/03 HB 265 Increases Certain Business Taxes Bill Passed - House (26 - 13)
3/27 SB 172 Authorizes Eminent Domain Against Certain Film Production Entities Bill Passed - House (96 - 42)
3/21 HF 1777 Amends Tax Laws Concurrence Vote Passed - House (126 - 2)
3/21 HB 544 Amends Hotel Tax Laws Bill Passed - House (52 - 40)
3/18 SR 415 Prohibits Increase in State Income Tax Resolution Passed - House (119 - 54)
3/18 SB 1 Reduces State Income Taxes Bill Passed - House (61 - 35)
3/13 SB 1 Amends State Business Tax Rates Conference Report Adopted - House (63 - 37)
3/12 HB 445 Increases the Wholesale Price of Gasoline Bill Passed - House (53 - 44)
3/06 HB 2508 Reduces Individual and Corporate Income Tax Rates Bill Passed - House (57 - 34)
3/05 HB 1509 Requires Non-Profit Organizations to Pay Business Enterprise Tax "Inexpedient to Legislate" Vote Passed - House (173 - 163)
3/04 HB 2580 Extends Film Industry Tax Credit Program Bill Passed - House (65 - 28)
3/03 SB 98 Authorizes Certain Municipalities to Increase Occupancy Tax Bill Passed - House (39 - 31)
3/03 HB 2580 Extends Film Industry Tax Credit Program Bill Failed - House (48 - 43)
2/26 HR 3865 Stop Targeting of Political Beliefs by the IRS Act of 2014 Bill Passed - House (243 - 176)
2/26 HB 2456 Amends Property Tax Laws for Certain Equipment Bill Passed - House (100 - 23)
2/20 HB 1253 Reduces Tax Rates for Businesses Bill Passed - House (106 - 49)
2/20 HB 1295 Reduces Income Tax Rates Bill Passed - House (106 - 47)
2/19 HB 1097 Amends Criteria for Classifying Property as Agricultural Land Bill Passed - House (37 - 33)
2/04 SB 1227 Extends the Date for the Governor to Submit the State Budget Bill Passed - House (62 - 48)
1/30 HB 1001 Authorizes Property Tax Exemptions Bill Passed - House (63 - 33)
1/22 HB 48 Authorizes a Tax Credit for the Adoption of Qualified Children Bill Passed - House (72 - 23)
12/12 H J Res 59 Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 Concurrence Vote Passed - House (332 - 94)
9/29 H J Res 59 Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 Concurrence Vote Passed - House (248 - 174)
9/11 HB 253 Authorizes Income Tax Cuts Veto Override Failed - House (94 - 67)
8/02 H Amdt 448 Requires Congressional Approval Prior to Establishing a Tax on Carbon Emissions Amendment Adopted - House (237 - 176)
6/13 HB 2075 Repeals Marital Trust Estate Tax Exemption Bill Passed - House (53 - 33)
6/10 HB 2399 Authorizes School Boards to Increase Property Taxes to Pay for Bonds Bill Passed - House (31 - 26)
5/30 SB 84 Reduces State Income Tax Rates Conference Report Rejected - House (18 - 94)
5/30 HB 2064 Amends Estate Tax Laws Bill Passed - House (51 - 40)
5/29 SB 67 Prohibits JobsOhio Liquor Leases from Being Publicly Audited Bill Passed - House (62 - 35)
5/19 HF 677 Amends State Taxes Conference Report Adopted - House (69 - 65)
5/14 SJR 16 Establishes an Additional Sales Tax for Local Transportation Projects Bill Passed - House (100 - 57)
5/09 HB 253 Authorizes Income Tax Cuts Concurrence Vote Passed - House (103 - 51)
5/08 HB 1318 Establishes Sales Taxes for Retail Marijuana Concurrence Vote Passed - House (37 - 28)
5/08 HB 101 Repeals the Estate Tax Bill Passed - House (82 - 37)
5/08 HB 500 Expands Franchise Tax Exemption for Certain Businesses Bill Passed - House (117 - 24)
5/07 HB 5277 Authorizes Mixed Martial Arts Events Bill Passed - House (117 - 26)
5/06 HB 2005 Extends Tax Credits for Qualified Clean-Burning Motor Vehicle Property Concurrence Vote Passed - House (63 - 29)
5/06 HB 440 Amends Tax Code Bill Passed - House (129 - 65)
5/01 HB 1234 Reduces Oil Extraction Tax Conference Report Rejected - House (21 - 71)
5/01 HB 7007 Exempts Manufacturing Equipment from Sales Tax Concurrence Vote Passed - House (68 - 48)
5/01 HB 2032 Reduces Certain Income Tax Rates Concurrence Vote Passed - House (59 - 35)
4/27 HB 1001 2013-2015 Biennium Budget Conference Report Adopted - House (70 - 30)
4/24 SB 81 Establishes Tax Deductions for Donations to Educational Charities Bill Passed - House (54 - 45)
4/23 AB 496 Increases the Sales Tax in Clark County Bill Passed - House (32 - 9)
4/23 LD 405 Increases the Maximum Vehicle Registration Fee Bill Passed - House (89 - 57)
4/17 SF 295 Establishes a Business Property Tax Credit Fund Bill Passed - House (54 - 45)
4/17 SB 175 Increases Public Education Funding Bill Passed - House (58 - 41)
4/17 SB 330 Increases Rebate Funds for the Film Industry Bill Passed - House (55 - 30)
4/16 AB 60 Requires Certain Information From Donation-Seeking Charities Bill Passed - House (25 - 15)
4/15 HR 249 Federal Employee Tax Accountability Act of 2013 Bill Failed - House (250 - 159)
4/13 SB 21 Amends the Oil Industry Tax Rate Structure Bill Passed - House (27 - 12)
4/13 SB 21 Amends the Oil Industry Tax Rate Structure Bill Passed - House (24 - 15)
4/08 H 3382 Expands Retail Tax to Include Computer System Design Services Bill Passed - House (97 - 55)
4/08 HB 1870 Appropriates Funds for Certain Steel Mills Bill Passed - House (78 - 17)
4/05 HB 2253 Amends Abortion Clinic Tax Credits and Procedure Requirements Conference Report Adopted - House (90 - 30)
4/04 HB 2870 Authorizes Counties to Tax Cigarette Sales Bill Passed - House (31 - 29)
4/03 HB 2 2013-2015 Biennium Budget Bill Passed - House (193 - 166)
4/02 SB 183 Authorizes Tax Credits for Certain Film Production Activities Bill Passed - House (108 - 31)
3/27 HB 617 Increases Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Tax Bill Passed - House (206 - 158)
3/22 HB 1515 Increases the Gas Tax Bill Passed - House (76 - 63)
3/21 HB 51 Establishes Transportation Appropriations and Highway Speed Limit Conference Report Adopted - House (63 - 28)
3/21 SB 84 Reduces State Income Tax Rates Bill Passed - House (82 - 39)
3/21 H Con Res 25 Establishing the Budget for the United States Government for Fiscal Year 2014 and Setting Forth Appropriate Budgetary Levels for Fiscal Years 2015 Through 2023 Joint Resolution Passed - House (221 - 207)
3/16 HB 641 Reduces Corporate Income Tax Rates Bill Passed - House (35 - 28)
3/13 HB 96 Extends Tax Credits for Certain Vehicles Concurrence Vote Passed - House (59 - 12)
3/13 HF 478 Authorizes an Alternative Flat Income Tax Bill Passed - House (53 - 47)
3/12 HB 2032 Reduces Certain Income Tax Rates Bill Passed - House (65 - 30)
3/05 HB 206 Appropriates Funding for Charter Schools Bill Passed - House (42 - 27)
2/25 HB 844 Exempts Certain Sales Taxes for Agricultural Businesses Bill Passed - House (75 - 43)
2/22 HB 2313 Repeals the Retail Gas Tax and Establishes a Wholesale Gas Tax Conference Report Adopted - House (60 - 40)
2/14 S 2535 Increases Earned Income Tax Credits Bill Passed - House (48 - 24)
2/14 H 88 Expands Tax Credit for New Employees Bill Passed - House (62 - 7)
2/12 H 62 Expands Sales Tax Exemptions For Health-Related Entities Bill Passed - House (58 - 12)
2/11 HB 1182 Repeals State Income Tax for the 2013 and 2014 Tax Years Bill Failed - House (23 - 63)
2/04 HB 274 Establishes a Tax Credit for Employing a Homeless Individual Bill Passed - House (41 - 33)
1/01 HR 8 Job Protection and Recession Prevention Act of 2012 Concurrence Vote Passed - House (257 - 167)
12/17 S 581 Establishes Tax Credits for Investors in Small Business Technology Bill Passed - House (47 - 30)
10/17 HB 2626 Authorizes Employers to Keep Income Taxes Paid by their Employees Concurrence Vote Passed - House (111 - 80)
8/13 AB 1500 Corporate Tax Rates and Middle Class Scholarship Fund Bill Passed - House (54 - 25)
8/02 HR 6169 Pathway to Job Creation through a Simpler, Fairer Tax Code Act of 2012 Bill Passed - House (232 - 189)
8/01 HR 8 Job Protection and Recession Prevention Act of 2012 Bill Passed - House (256 - 171)
7/31 HR 828 Federal Employee Tax Accountability Act of 2012 Bill Passed - House (263 - 114)
6/30 HB 761 Exempts Certain Transfers from the Realty Transfer Tax Concurrence Vote Passed - House (140 - 56)
6/25 A 3201 Increases the Income Tax Rate on Incomes Over $1 million Bill Passed - House (47 - 31)
6/08 H 7323 2012-2013 Budget Bill Passed - House (57 - 15)
6/07 HR 436 Repeals Excise Tax on Medical Devices Bill Passed - House (270 - 146)
6/06 CACR 6 Requires a Supermajority for Budget Increases Conference Report Rejected - House (220 - 132)

arrow_upward