Vote Smart provides easy access to congressional and state voting records and maintains a collection of key votes grouped by issue. Vote Smart uses the following criteria to select key votes:
Vote Smart provides a summary of the version of the bill text associated with each selected key vote. Our summaries are written by Vote Smart's staff and interns, who adhere to our strict policies and procedures in order to guarantee absolute impartiality and accuracy. They do not necessarily reflect the content of the final version of the bill, but rather the version voted on in that stage. While many procedural votes take place before a full chamber vote, our voting stages reflect the final reading of each chamber vote. Each key vote selection is reviewed by the project's community of advisors, who are political scientists and journalists from all fifty states.
For more information about the legislative process, see here.
Date | State | Bill No. | Title | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|
April 25, 2009 | IA | SF 376 | Bonds Issuance for Infrastructure Projects and the Creation of an Iowa Jobs Program, Board, and Fund. | Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (30 - 18) |
April 25, 2009 | IA | SF 477 | Appropriation Bonds | Bill Passed - House (52 - 44) |
April 24, 2009 | IA | SF 376 | Bonds Issuance for Infrastructure Projects and the Creation of an Iowa Jobs Program, Board, and Fund. | Bill Passed - House (53 - 43) |
March 19, 2009 | IA | SF 389 | Health Insurance Expansion | Bill Passed - Senate (30 - 18) |
March 18, 2009 | IA | HF 243 | Gender Requirements for Certain Local Government Positions | Bill Passed - House (71 - 27) |
March 17, 2009 | IA | HF 670 | Early Absentee Vote Counting | Bill Passed - House (76 - 22) |
Feb. 26, 2009 | IA | HF 414 | 2008-2009 Budget Amendments | Bill Passed - House (55 - 43) |
Feb. 26, 2009 | IA | SF 218 | Growth Percentage for State School Foundation Program | Bill Passed - House (53 - 44) |
Feb. 24, 2009 | IA | SF 218 | Growth Percentage for State School Foundation Program | Bill Passed - Senate (32 - 18) |
Feb. 19, 2009 | IA | HF 333 | Wage Standards for Public Project Workers | Bill Failed - House (49 - 49) |
Feb. 18, 2009 | IA | HF 311 | Health Insurance Coverage for Prosthetics | Bill Passed - House (64 - 33) |
Feb. 16, 2009 | IA | SF 137 | Wage Discrimination Policy and Penalties | Bill Passed - Senate (32 - 18) |
Jan. 29, 2009 | IA | SF 44 | Expediting Local-Option Tax Approval in Disaster Areas | Bill Passed - House (55 - 37) |
Jan. 27, 2009 | IA | SF 44 | Expediting Local-Option Tax Approval in Disaster Areas | Bill Passed - Senate (32 - 18) |
April 25, 2008 | IA | SF 2425 | 2008-2009 Health and Human Services Budget | Conference Report Adopted - House (53 - 45) |
April 25, 2008 | IA | SF 2432 | Prison and Infrastructure Funding | Bill Passed - House (53 - 43) |
April 25, 2008 | IA | H 8672 | DUI Appeals | Amendment Rejected - House (45 - 50) |
April 24, 2008 | IA | SF 2432 | Prison and Infrastructure Funding | Bill Passed - Senate (30 - 13) |
April 22, 2008 | IA | S 5408 | Changes to School Infrastructure Sales Tax | Amendment Rejected - Senate (20 - 30) |
April 22, 2008 | IA | HF 2663 | Statewide Sales Tax Increase for School Infrastructure Funding | Bill Passed - Senate (39 - 11) |
April 17, 2008 | IA | S 5377 to SF 2425 | Pregnancy Counseling and Support Services | Amendment Rejected - Senate (22 - 27) |
April 17, 2008 | IA | SF 2425 | 2008-2009 Health and Human Services Budget | Bill Passed - Senate (34 - 16) |
April 16, 2008 | IA | SF 2420 | Increasing Vehicle Registration Fees | Bill Passed - House (53 - 47) |
April 16, 2008 | IA | HF 2686 | Employee Identification Verification | Bill Passed - House (84 - 16) |
April 15, 2008 | IA | S 5355 to SF 2420 | State Funding of Road Projects | Amendment Rejected - Senate (17 - 32) |
April 15, 2008 | IA | SF 2420 | Increasing Vehicle Registration Fees | Bill Passed - Senate (35 - 14) |
April 14, 2008 | IA | SF 2216 | State-Mandated Curriculum for Schools | Bill Passed - House (97 - 3) |
April 10, 2008 | IA | SJR 2002 | Natural Resources Trust Fund | Joint Resolution Passed - House (88 - 10) |
April 9, 2008 | IA | HF 2663 | Statewide Sales Tax Increase for School Infrastructure Funding | Bill Passed - House (59 - 41) |
April 8, 2008 | IA | HF 2212 | Smoking Ban | Conference Report Adopted - House (54 - 45) |
April 8, 2008 | IA | HF 2212 | Smoking Ban | Conference Report Adopted - Senate (28 - 22) |
April 7, 2008 | IA | HF 2539 | Health Care Expansion Plan | Bill Passed - Senate (42 - 6) |
March 31, 2008 | IA | HF 2145 | Mandatory HPV Vaccination Coverage | Bill Passed - Senate (41 - 8) |
March 24, 2008 | IA | HF 2645 | Public Employee Collective Bargaining and Teacher Termination Policy | Bill Passed - Senate (27 - 23) |
March 20, 2008 | IA | HF 2145 | Mandatory HPV Vaccination Coverage | Bill Passed - House (81 - 16) |
March 19, 2008 | IA | HF 2645 | Public Employee Collective Bargaining and Teacher Termination Policy | Bill Passed - House (52 - 47) |
March 19, 2008 | IA | SJR 2002 | Natural Resources Trust Fund | Joint Resolution Passed - Senate (47 - 2) |
March 13, 2008 | IA | HF 2212 | Smoking Ban | Concurrence Vote Failed - Senate (23 - 27) |
March 12, 2008 | IA | HF 2212 | Smoking Ban | Concurrence Vote Passed - House (59 - 40) |
March 12, 2008 | IA | SF 2355 | Time Off to Attend Presidential Precinct Caucuses | Bill Passed - Senate (38 - 10) |
March 10, 2008 | IA | HF 2359 | Veterans Trust Fund | Bill Passed - Senate (42 - 7) |
March 5, 2008 | IA | HF 2359 | Veterans Trust Fund | Bill Passed - House (75 - 21) |
Feb. 27, 2008 | IA | HF 2212 | Smoking Ban | Bill Passed - Senate (29 - 21) |
Feb. 26, 2008 | IA | SF 2216 | State-Mandated Curriculum for Schools | Bill Passed - Senate (36 - 14) |
Feb. 19, 2008 | IA | HF 2212 | Smoking Ban | Bill Passed - House (56 - 44) |
April 27, 2007 | IA | HF 920 | Univeristy Capital Improvement Bonds | Bill Passed - House (51 - 44) |
April 27, 2007 | IA | HF 920 | Univeristy Capital Improvement Bonds | Bill Passed - Senate (40 - 10) |
April 25, 2007 | IA | Prohibiting State Funding of Partial-Birth/Late-Term Abortion Services | Amendment Adopted - Senate (37 - 13) | |
April 25, 2007 | IA | SF 427 | Sexual Orientation/Gender Identity Discrimination | Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (34 - 16) |
April 25, 2007 | IA | SF 588 | 2008-2009 Education Budget | Bill Passed - House (56 - 40) |
April 25, 2007 | IA | SF 427 | Sexual Orientation/Gender Identity Discrimination | Bill Passed - House (59 - 37) |
April 25, 2007 | IA | HF 909 | 2007-2008 Health and Human Services Budget | Bill Passed - Senate (33 - 17) |
April 25, 2007 | IA | SF 604 | Commercial Residential Property Tax Reduction | Bill Passed - Senate (26 - 22) |
April 23, 2007 | IA | SF 277 | Teacher Pay and Incentive Programs | Conference Report Adopted - House (93 - 3) |
April 23, 2007 | IA | SF 485 | Greenhouse Gas Emissions | Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (30 - 19) |
April 20, 2007 | IA | HF 909 | 2007-2008 Health and Human Services Budget | Bill Passed - House (53 - 44) |
April 19, 2007 | IA | SF 277 | Teacher Pay and Incentive Programs | Conference Report Adopted - Senate (35 - 14) |
April 19, 2007 | IA | SF 596 | Electronic Downloads Tax Creation and Regulation Adjustments for Cigarette Retailers | Bill Passed - Senate (29 - 20) |
April 19, 2007 | IA | SF 599 | Iowa Power Fund | Bill Passed - Senate (36 - 13) |
April 18, 2007 | IA | S 3371 | Firearms for Campus Police | Amendment Rejected - Senate (25 - 25) |
April 18, 2007 | IA | SF 485 | Greenhouse Gas Emissions | Bill Passed - House (66 - 32) |
April 18, 2007 | IA | SF 430 | Recognition of Tribal Court Decisions | Bill Passed - House (63 - 34) |
April 18, 2007 | IA | SF 263 | Land-Based Casinos | Bill Passed - House (71 - 26) |
April 18, 2007 | IA | HF 877 | Statewide Preschool Program | Bill Passed - Senate (36 - 14) |
April 18, 2007 | IA | SF 588 | 2008-2009 Education Budget | Bill Passed - Senate (43 - 7) |
April 16, 2007 | IA | SF 277 | Teacher Pay and Incentive Programs | Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (43 - 7) |
April 10, 2007 | IA | HF 611 | Research-Based Sex Education | Bill Passed - Senate (30 - 19) |
April 5, 2007 | IA | SF 277 | Teacher Pay and Incentive Programs | Bill Passed - House (90 - 7) |
April 2, 2007 | IA | SF 485 | Greenhouse Gas Emissions | Bill Passed - Senate (29 - 20) |
March 29, 2007 | IA | HF 611 | Research-Based Sex Education | Bill Passed - House (55 - 40) |
March 28, 2007 | IA | HF 877 | Statewide Preschool Program | Bill Passed - House (56 - 43) |
March 28, 2007 | IA | SF 430 | Recognition of Tribal Court Decisions | Bill Passed - Senate (27 - 20) |
March 27, 2007 | IA | HF 653 | Election Day Voter Registration | Bill Passed - Senate (30 - 20) |
March 26, 2007 | IA | SF 427 | Sexual Orientation/Gender Identity Discrimination | Bill Passed - Senate (32 - 17) |
March 20, 2007 | IA | HF 653 | Election Day Voter Registration | Bill Passed - House (54 - 45) |
March 19, 2007 | IA | HF 5 | Maximum Title Loan Finance Charge | Bill Passed - Senate (32 - 16) |
March 13, 2007 | IA | SF 128 | Tobacco Tax Increase | Bill Passed - House (58 - 40) |
March 8, 2007 | IA | SF 413 | Fair Share Union Fees | Bill Passed - Senate (28 - 21) |
March 7, 2007 | IA | SF 128 | Tobacco Tax Increase | Bill Passed - Senate (34 - 14) |
Feb. 22, 2007 | IA | SF 61 | Harassment In Schools | Concurrence Vote Passed - House (56 - 42) |
Feb. 22, 2007 | IA | SF 162 | Stem Cell Research and Penalties | Bill Passed - House (52 - 46) |
Feb. 14, 2007 | IA | SF 162 | Stem Cell Research and Penalties | Bill Passed - Senate (26 - 24) |
Feb. 13, 2007 | IA | SF 61 | Harassment In Schools | Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (36 - 14) |
Feb. 7, 2007 | IA | SF 61 | Harassment In Schools | Bill Passed - House (62 - 37) |
Feb. 1, 2007 | IA | HF 5 | Maximum Title Loan Finance Charge | Bill Passed - House (84 - 12) |
Jan. 30, 2007 | IA | SF 61 | Harassment In Schools | Bill Passed - Senate (36 - 14) |
Jan. 24, 2007 | IA | HF 1 | Minimum Wage Increase | Bill Passed - Senate (40 - 8) |
Jan. 23, 2007 | IA | HF 1 | Minimum Wage Increase | Bill Passed - House (79 - 19) |
July 14, 2006 | IA | HF 2351 | Eminent Domain | Veto Override Passed - House (90 - 8) |
July 14, 2006 | IA | HF 2351 | Eminent Domain | Veto Override Passed - Senate (41 - 8) |
May 3, 2006 | IA | HF 2540 | 2006-2007 Agriculture and Natural Resources Budget | Conference Report Adopted - Senate (47 - 2) |
May 3, 2006 | IA | HF 2540 | 2006-2007 Agriculture and Natural Resources Budget | Conference Report Adopted - House (62 - 32) |
May 3, 2006 | IA | SF 2377 | Confinement Feeding Operations | Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (38 - 11) |
May 3, 2006 | IA | SF 2377 | Confinement Feeding Operations | Bill Passed - House (66 - 25) |
May 2, 2006 | IA | SF 2408 | Elderly Income Tax Reduction | Bill Passed - Senate (46 - 4) |
May 2, 2006 | IA | SF 2408 | Elderly Income Tax Reduction | Bill Passed - House (89 - 6) |
March 22, 2006 | IA | HF 2597 | Voter Identification Act | Bill Passed - House (51 - 48) |
March 21, 2006 | IA | HF 2709 | School Year Minimum Hours Requirement | Bill Passed - House (55 - 44) |
March 16, 2006 | IA | HF 2671 | Undocumented Immigrants Restrictions | Bill Passed - House (69 - 25) |
March 15, 2006 | IA | H-8178 | Preschool Amendment | Amendment Rejected - House (46 - 51) |
Date | No. | Title | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
4/25 | SF 376 | Bonds Issuance for Infrastructure Projects and the Creation of an Iowa Jobs Program, Board, and Fund. | Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (30 - 18) |
4/25 | SF 477 | Appropriation Bonds | Bill Passed - House (52 - 44) |
4/24 | SF 376 | Bonds Issuance for Infrastructure Projects and the Creation of an Iowa Jobs Program, Board, and Fund. | Bill Passed - House (53 - 43) |
3/19 | SF 389 | Health Insurance Expansion | Bill Passed - Senate (30 - 18) |
3/18 | HF 243 | Gender Requirements for Certain Local Government Positions | Bill Passed - House (71 - 27) |
3/17 | HF 670 | Early Absentee Vote Counting | Bill Passed - House (76 - 22) |
2/26 | HF 414 | 2008-2009 Budget Amendments | Bill Passed - House (55 - 43) |
2/26 | SF 218 | Growth Percentage for State School Foundation Program | Bill Passed - House (53 - 44) |
2/24 | SF 218 | Growth Percentage for State School Foundation Program | Bill Passed - Senate (32 - 18) |
2/19 | HF 333 | Wage Standards for Public Project Workers | Bill Failed - House (49 - 49) |
2/18 | HF 311 | Health Insurance Coverage for Prosthetics | Bill Passed - House (64 - 33) |
2/16 | SF 137 | Wage Discrimination Policy and Penalties | Bill Passed - Senate (32 - 18) |
1/29 | SF 44 | Expediting Local-Option Tax Approval in Disaster Areas | Bill Passed - House (55 - 37) |
1/27 | SF 44 | Expediting Local-Option Tax Approval in Disaster Areas | Bill Passed - Senate (32 - 18) |
4/25 | SF 2425 | 2008-2009 Health and Human Services Budget | Conference Report Adopted - House (53 - 45) |
4/25 | SF 2432 | Prison and Infrastructure Funding | Bill Passed - House (53 - 43) |
4/25 | H 8672 | DUI Appeals | Amendment Rejected - House (45 - 50) |
4/24 | SF 2432 | Prison and Infrastructure Funding | Bill Passed - Senate (30 - 13) |
4/22 | S 5408 | Changes to School Infrastructure Sales Tax | Amendment Rejected - Senate (20 - 30) |
4/22 | HF 2663 | Statewide Sales Tax Increase for School Infrastructure Funding | Bill Passed - Senate (39 - 11) |
4/17 | S 5377 to SF 2425 | Pregnancy Counseling and Support Services | Amendment Rejected - Senate (22 - 27) |
4/17 | SF 2425 | 2008-2009 Health and Human Services Budget | Bill Passed - Senate (34 - 16) |
4/16 | SF 2420 | Increasing Vehicle Registration Fees | Bill Passed - House (53 - 47) |
4/16 | HF 2686 | Employee Identification Verification | Bill Passed - House (84 - 16) |
4/15 | S 5355 to SF 2420 | State Funding of Road Projects | Amendment Rejected - Senate (17 - 32) |
4/15 | SF 2420 | Increasing Vehicle Registration Fees | Bill Passed - Senate (35 - 14) |
4/14 | SF 2216 | State-Mandated Curriculum for Schools | Bill Passed - House (97 - 3) |
4/10 | SJR 2002 | Natural Resources Trust Fund | Joint Resolution Passed - House (88 - 10) |
4/09 | HF 2663 | Statewide Sales Tax Increase for School Infrastructure Funding | Bill Passed - House (59 - 41) |
4/08 | HF 2212 | Smoking Ban | Conference Report Adopted - House (54 - 45) |
4/08 | HF 2212 | Smoking Ban | Conference Report Adopted - Senate (28 - 22) |
4/07 | HF 2539 | Health Care Expansion Plan | Bill Passed - Senate (42 - 6) |
3/31 | HF 2145 | Mandatory HPV Vaccination Coverage | Bill Passed - Senate (41 - 8) |
3/24 | HF 2645 | Public Employee Collective Bargaining and Teacher Termination Policy | Bill Passed - Senate (27 - 23) |
3/20 | HF 2145 | Mandatory HPV Vaccination Coverage | Bill Passed - House (81 - 16) |
3/19 | HF 2645 | Public Employee Collective Bargaining and Teacher Termination Policy | Bill Passed - House (52 - 47) |
3/19 | SJR 2002 | Natural Resources Trust Fund | Joint Resolution Passed - Senate (47 - 2) |
3/13 | HF 2212 | Smoking Ban | Concurrence Vote Failed - Senate (23 - 27) |
3/12 | HF 2212 | Smoking Ban | Concurrence Vote Passed - House (59 - 40) |
3/12 | SF 2355 | Time Off to Attend Presidential Precinct Caucuses | Bill Passed - Senate (38 - 10) |
3/10 | HF 2359 | Veterans Trust Fund | Bill Passed - Senate (42 - 7) |
3/05 | HF 2359 | Veterans Trust Fund | Bill Passed - House (75 - 21) |
2/27 | HF 2212 | Smoking Ban | Bill Passed - Senate (29 - 21) |
2/26 | SF 2216 | State-Mandated Curriculum for Schools | Bill Passed - Senate (36 - 14) |
2/19 | HF 2212 | Smoking Ban | Bill Passed - House (56 - 44) |
4/27 | HF 920 | Univeristy Capital Improvement Bonds | Bill Passed - House (51 - 44) |
4/27 | HF 920 | Univeristy Capital Improvement Bonds | Bill Passed - Senate (40 - 10) |
4/25 | Prohibiting State Funding of Partial-Birth/Late-Term Abortion Services | Amendment Adopted - Senate (37 - 13) | |
4/25 | SF 427 | Sexual Orientation/Gender Identity Discrimination | Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (34 - 16) |
4/25 | SF 588 | 2008-2009 Education Budget | Bill Passed - House (56 - 40) |
4/25 | SF 427 | Sexual Orientation/Gender Identity Discrimination | Bill Passed - House (59 - 37) |
4/25 | HF 909 | 2007-2008 Health and Human Services Budget | Bill Passed - Senate (33 - 17) |
4/25 | SF 604 | Commercial Residential Property Tax Reduction | Bill Passed - Senate (26 - 22) |
4/23 | SF 277 | Teacher Pay and Incentive Programs | Conference Report Adopted - House (93 - 3) |
4/23 | SF 485 | Greenhouse Gas Emissions | Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (30 - 19) |
4/20 | HF 909 | 2007-2008 Health and Human Services Budget | Bill Passed - House (53 - 44) |
4/19 | SF 277 | Teacher Pay and Incentive Programs | Conference Report Adopted - Senate (35 - 14) |
4/19 | SF 596 | Electronic Downloads Tax Creation and Regulation Adjustments for Cigarette Retailers | Bill Passed - Senate (29 - 20) |
4/19 | SF 599 | Iowa Power Fund | Bill Passed - Senate (36 - 13) |
4/18 | S 3371 | Firearms for Campus Police | Amendment Rejected - Senate (25 - 25) |
4/18 | SF 485 | Greenhouse Gas Emissions | Bill Passed - House (66 - 32) |
4/18 | SF 430 | Recognition of Tribal Court Decisions | Bill Passed - House (63 - 34) |
4/18 | SF 263 | Land-Based Casinos | Bill Passed - House (71 - 26) |
4/18 | HF 877 | Statewide Preschool Program | Bill Passed - Senate (36 - 14) |
4/18 | SF 588 | 2008-2009 Education Budget | Bill Passed - Senate (43 - 7) |
4/16 | SF 277 | Teacher Pay and Incentive Programs | Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (43 - 7) |
4/10 | HF 611 | Research-Based Sex Education | Bill Passed - Senate (30 - 19) |
4/05 | SF 277 | Teacher Pay and Incentive Programs | Bill Passed - House (90 - 7) |
4/02 | SF 485 | Greenhouse Gas Emissions | Bill Passed - Senate (29 - 20) |
3/29 | HF 611 | Research-Based Sex Education | Bill Passed - House (55 - 40) |
3/28 | HF 877 | Statewide Preschool Program | Bill Passed - House (56 - 43) |
3/28 | SF 430 | Recognition of Tribal Court Decisions | Bill Passed - Senate (27 - 20) |
3/27 | HF 653 | Election Day Voter Registration | Bill Passed - Senate (30 - 20) |
3/26 | SF 427 | Sexual Orientation/Gender Identity Discrimination | Bill Passed - Senate (32 - 17) |
3/20 | HF 653 | Election Day Voter Registration | Bill Passed - House (54 - 45) |
3/19 | HF 5 | Maximum Title Loan Finance Charge | Bill Passed - Senate (32 - 16) |
3/13 | SF 128 | Tobacco Tax Increase | Bill Passed - House (58 - 40) |
3/08 | SF 413 | Fair Share Union Fees | Bill Passed - Senate (28 - 21) |
3/07 | SF 128 | Tobacco Tax Increase | Bill Passed - Senate (34 - 14) |
2/22 | SF 61 | Harassment In Schools | Concurrence Vote Passed - House (56 - 42) |
2/22 | SF 162 | Stem Cell Research and Penalties | Bill Passed - House (52 - 46) |
2/14 | SF 162 | Stem Cell Research and Penalties | Bill Passed - Senate (26 - 24) |
2/13 | SF 61 | Harassment In Schools | Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (36 - 14) |
2/07 | SF 61 | Harassment In Schools | Bill Passed - House (62 - 37) |
2/01 | HF 5 | Maximum Title Loan Finance Charge | Bill Passed - House (84 - 12) |
1/30 | SF 61 | Harassment In Schools | Bill Passed - Senate (36 - 14) |
1/24 | HF 1 | Minimum Wage Increase | Bill Passed - Senate (40 - 8) |
1/23 | HF 1 | Minimum Wage Increase | Bill Passed - House (79 - 19) |
7/14 | HF 2351 | Eminent Domain | Veto Override Passed - House (90 - 8) |
7/14 | HF 2351 | Eminent Domain | Veto Override Passed - Senate (41 - 8) |
5/03 | HF 2540 | 2006-2007 Agriculture and Natural Resources Budget | Conference Report Adopted - Senate (47 - 2) |
5/03 | HF 2540 | 2006-2007 Agriculture and Natural Resources Budget | Conference Report Adopted - House (62 - 32) |
5/03 | SF 2377 | Confinement Feeding Operations | Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (38 - 11) |
5/03 | SF 2377 | Confinement Feeding Operations | Bill Passed - House (66 - 25) |
5/02 | SF 2408 | Elderly Income Tax Reduction | Bill Passed - Senate (46 - 4) |
5/02 | SF 2408 | Elderly Income Tax Reduction | Bill Passed - House (89 - 6) |
3/22 | HF 2597 | Voter Identification Act | Bill Passed - House (51 - 48) |
3/21 | HF 2709 | School Year Minimum Hours Requirement | Bill Passed - House (55 - 44) |
3/16 | HF 2671 | Undocumented Immigrants Restrictions | Bill Passed - House (69 - 25) |
3/15 | H-8178 | Preschool Amendment | Amendment Rejected - House (46 - 51) |